Catalase activity was expressed in units per gram fresh weight (FW). Induction of defense related enzymes (PAL, PPO, catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase etc) and subsequent induced resistance to Alternaria brassicae and Ralstonia solanacearum was noticed following chemical elicitors application viz., SA, benzothiadozole in Brassica juncea and Solanum melongena respectively [72]. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: TKR KSS AV. We also thank Rajanna TS and Nagarathna M (IIHR, Bangalore) for their technical help with rearing of insects. Totapuri, a susceptible variety to B. dorsalis) [41] fruit were collected from the experimental orchard of the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore. Error bars = Standard error of mean. The time spent and number of entries, significantly differed between untreated to treated fruit. (2004), Role of salicylic acid in tomato defense against cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner. The damage from this pest is caused by the larvae that bore inside the fruits. Post hoc analyses employing Bonferroni correction revealed that the numbers of oviposition punctures and eggs per puncture were significantly less in SA treated fruit irrespective of post SA treatment time intervals [1 day (oviposition punctures: t = 3.78, P<0.01; eggs per puncture: t = 4.67, P <0.001), 2 days (oviposition punctures: t = 3.67, P <0.01; eggs per puncture: t = 2.86, P <0.05), 3 days (oviposition punctures: t = 4.50, P <0.01; eggs per puncture: t = 4.20, P <0.01)] (Fig 2a and 2b). Demonstration and elucidation of resistance to the Caribbean fruit fly. The ePub format is best viewed in the iBooks reader. Further, GA3 application was found to offer viable means for reducing grapefruit susceptibility to A. suspensa in the field by reducing fruit attractiveness, ovipositional acceptability and physiological suitability for larval development by delaying peel senescence (37–39). [46]. endobj Tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are the most devastating insect pests having a foremost influence on global agricultural products, effecting yield losses, and dropping the value and marketability of horticultural crops. Each fruit was kept in a separate container. One salicylic acid treated along with one untreated mango fruit (n = 5 replicates per dose treatment) were exposed to gravid female B. dorsalis for oviposition to take place. The area of the experimental plot was one hectare with a total number of 400 mango plants, at 5 m (between the plants) x 5 m (between the rows) spacing. Research Bulletin Plant Protection Japan 55, 43-51. Finding a suitable host for oviposition is crucial to all phytophagous insects [51] and olfaction plays an important role in enabling the host plants recognition [52, 53]. The SA treated and untreated mango fruit (n = 3; 1g in 20 mL) were extracted with methanol (80%). Fruit fly behavioral responses were studied for headspace volatiles of SA treated and untreated mango fruit in the four-arm olfactometer (dual choice bioassay) as described by Kamala Jayanthi et al. To identify a suitable oviposition site, insects mainly depend on host released volatile blends [2], particularly, during oviposition site selection [55]. (2006), Fragments of ATP synthase mediate plant perception of insect attack, Dudareva N, Negre F, Nagegowda DA, Orlova I (2006), Plant volatiles: recent advances and future perspectives, Arimura GI, Matsui K, Takabayashi J (2009), Chemical and molecular ecology of herbivore-induced plant volatiles: proximate factors and their ultimate functions, Silva R, Gimme H W, Lewis J W, Michael JF (2014), Insects feeding on plants: rapid signals and responses preceding the induction of phytochemical release, Falk KL, Kästner J, Bodenhausen N, Schramm K, Paetz C, Vassao DG, et al. Although its' name does not illicit much response here in Singapore, in countries such as the United States and Kenya, the mention of the Oriental fruit fly will send agricultural farmers, fruit vendors, immigration authorities fuming mad. Earlier studies report that salicylic acid treatment increased coumarins, phenolic acids, flavonoids and lignin concentration in plants [61–63]. Studies have demonstrated that insects use precise ratios of volatiles for host location [2,4]. Bactrocera dorsalis was chosen for this research because vapor heat treatments for this insect are being evaluated by the IPPC and the question of possible variation in tolerance to heat among different populations was raised by countries reviewing the … (eds. Thus, exogenous applications of elicitors may impact insect-plant interaction through modified host plant volatile emissions. Most damage on Guava and Mango However B. dorsalis is now the dominant fruit fly which infests fruit in Africa. The injector temperature was set at 260°C and all injections were made in split mode (1:5). All connections were made with PTFE tubing with brass ferrules and fittings (Swagelok, India) and sealed with PTFE tape. The bottom of the apparatus was lined with filter paper (Whatman No 1, 12 cm dia) and air was drawn through the four arms towards the center at 350 mL min-1. Cis-ocimene and 3-carene (attractants to B. dorsalis) were reduced in the headspace volatiles of treated fruit. (Vayssières et al. Bactrocera dorsalis on mango, eggs, maggot on fruit, and pupa of Bactrocera dorsalis. Fig 1b). detected from mango fruits. Received 2014 Sep 4; Accepted 2015 Sep 9. A hand held atomizer (1 L capacity, Kisan Agri Sprayer, Mumbai, India) was used for uniform application of different doses on fruit. Totapuri orchard of IIHR, Bangalore (12° 58’N; 77°35’E). Further, reductions in the larval growth/ adult emergence were also found in SA treated fruit that can be attributed to an increase in the total flavonoids/ phenols and antioxidative enzymes viz., peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase. The Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) is an important quarantine pest around the globe. Enhanced levels of these plant defense compounds would have affected larval growth and development resulting in poor pupation and adult emergence of B. dorsalis. It is well recognized that salicylic acid potentially generates a wide array of metabolic responses in plants at extremely low concentrations (μM to mM) and these multifaceted responses can make the host unsuitable against herbivores through modulating host plant volatile emissions and chemical content thereby herbivore host finding and selection [59,60]. ABSTRACTThe oriental fruit ßy,Bactrocera dorsalisHendel, is one of the most destructive pest insects of tropical and subtropical fruits and vegetables. Methanol extracts were mixed with FCR reagent and the subsequent intensity of color development with 20% sodium carbonate reagent was measured at a wavelength of 700 nm using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Beckman DU64, Switzerland). Similarly, reduced oviposition by H. armigera was noticed in groundnut cultivars after jasmonic acid/ salicylic acid application [17]. However, the identity and nature of oviposition stimulants for B. dorsalis is not well known. 2005). •Mango is produced in as over 50,550 Ha where a total of 705,195 Metric tons, valued at Kshs11.71 billion was produced in 2017. We are experimenting with display styles that make it easier to read articles in PMC. Conceived and designed the experiments: KJPD RMA. We assayed the behavior of gravid female B. dorsalis in four-arm olfactometer to headspace volatiles of both treated and control fruit. Salicylic acid, hydrogen peroxide, catechol, guaiacol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, tris buffer, sodium phosphate, and di-sodium phosphate were purchased from Himedia, Bangalore, India. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited. In the present study, the decline in catalase activity and its associated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation would have been further affected the B. dorsalis larval growth in SA treated fruit endorsing previous studies that report post SA treatment enhancement in antioxidative defense systems [69], and the inhibition of catalase activity in tobacco plant, and cherry fruit [70,71]. Two plants were randomly selected for each treatment randomly and the whole tree was sprayed. Error bars = Standard error of mean. The management of fruit flies from an Indian perspective (mainly for B. dorsalis) can be classified into two categories, namely pre- and post-harvest management prac-tices. Among anti-oxidative enzymes, catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) alter feeding behavior, growth and development of insect pests and play a major role in defending biotic and abiotic stress [23, 24]. Recently, we identified a volatile compound γ-octalactone that elicits an innate oviposition response in B. dorsalis. Despite its importance, mango production is hampered by several constraints, including infestation by fruit flies, especially the exotic Bactrocera dorsalis. Olfactometer bioassay data (time spent in each odour field, SA treated fruit vs. untreated fruit vs. solvent control) were compared by a non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s multiple comparision test (α = 0.05). In this study, we investigated the effect of salicylic acid (SA) treatment of mango fruit (cv. the display of certain parts of an article in other eReaders. <> (2014), Reciprocal crosstalk between jasmonate and salicylate defence-signalling pathways modulates plant volatile emission and herbivore host-selection behaviour, Hayat S, Mohd I, Arif SW, Mohammed NA, Aqil A (2012), Salicylic acids local, systemic or inter-systemic regulators, Serghini K, Perez LA, Castejon MM, Garcia TL, Jorrin JV, (2001), Enhanced enzyme activities and induction of acquired resistance in pea with elicitors, Al-Wakeel SAM, Hani M, Mahmoud MG, Mahmoud MYM (2013), Induced systemic resistance: an innovative control method to manage branched broomrape (, Resistance to development of larvae of apple maggot in crab apples, Aluja M, Birke A, Ceyman M, Guillén L, Arrigoni E, Baumgartner D, et al. Phenolic content in the host fruit affects the fruit fly development [64, 65]. The ion trap, transfer line and ion source temperatures were maintained at 200°C, 240°C and 210°C respectively. Mango (Mangifera indica) is a woody plant of high economic importance. The Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel, 1912), is a member of the Tephritidae (fruit flies) family. A secondary objective was to estimate final seed surface temperatures required for efficacy for B. dorsalis in mango. (2011), Kamala Jayanthi PD, Vivek K, Ravindra MA, Ravindra KV, Bakthavatsalam N, Verghese A, et al. These are reported to elicit significant EAG response as well as positive behavioural responses in gravid female B. dorsalis [42]. 12.4) is another key pest of mango (Tandon and Shukla, 1989). stream Catalase activity [48] was determined with minute modifications by adding 0.1 mL of crude enzyme to 2.9 mL of 40mM H2O2 (dissolved with 50mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0) as a substrate. First instar larvae of B. dorsalis (n = 100) obtained from a closed laboratory colony (maintained at 27 ± 1°C, 75 ± 2% RH and 14L: 10D h photoperiod) were placed in each fruit using fine camel-hair brush and allowed to settle. Similarly, the salicylic acid treatment resulted in increased endogenous H2O2 level that involved in resistance against H. armigera [73]. Headspace volatiles from SA treated and untreated mango fruit of green mature stage (cv. The activity of POD in the 2 mM SA-treated fruit was relatively higher than that in control fruit (t = 5.76, df = 4, P = 0.04) (Fig 8b). Analyzed the data: KJPD RMA VK. Briefly, methanol extract was mixed with 0.3 mL of 5% NaNO2 followed by 0.3 mL of 10% AlCl3. %µµµµ We analyzed the activity of antioxidative enzymes viz., catalase, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase in both SA treated and untreated fruit respectively (n = 3). In Peninsular Malaysia, commercial crops Insects use an array of volatile compounds as cues to locate food, mates and oviposition sites [1–4]. The occurrence of fruit flies including Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel is the most important factor hampering the production of the crop in Africa in general and Mozambique in particular (Ekesi et al. Error bars = Standard error of mean. Additionally, the effect of SA is well studied in herbaceous plants, but, studies on the effect of SA on woody plants are meager. Temperature program for column was similar to that of the GC-FID analysis described above. Further, we tested for biochemical changes between SA treated and untreated mango fruit. 2 The containers were kept at ambient conditions 27 ± 1°C, 75 ± 2% RH and 14L: 10D h photoperiod for 10–15 days to allow larval development and pupae formation. Though many studies have explored the role of SA in inducing host plant defenses against pathogens, limited attempts have been made to study its role against insects. Ten (n = 10) replicates were carried out. In addition to its direct damage to fruits, the high quarantine status of the pest restricts the export of fruits and limits … Greany PD, McDonlad RE, Shaw PE, Schroeder WJ, Howard DF, Hatton TT, et al. Reviewers’ reports totaled 1154 words, excluding any confidential comments to the academic editor. You searched for: Subject "Bactrocera dorsalis" Remove constraint Subject: "Bactrocera dorsalis" Start Over. 2008). An increase in phenols, flavonoids, lignin and hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins was noticed in mangoes subsequent to post-harvest treatment by chemical elicitor, benzothiadiazole [67]. Individual volatile compounds were identified by comparing the retention index that was calculated by using homologous series of n-alkanes (C5 to C32 procured from Sigma-Aldrich) as standard [44] and comparing the MS spectra with spectral libraries (Wiley and NIST-2007). An Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (formerly known as Bactrocera papayae), is considered the most virulent and serious fruit fly species because it can attack about 209 plant species from 51 different families (Chua, 1991; Drew and Romig, 1997; White and Elson-Harris, 1992). A fused-silica capillary column VF-5MS (Factor four) (Varian, USA), with 30 m × 0.25 mm I.D., 0.25 mm film thickness was used for the analysis. Female oviposition decisions and their impact on progeny life-history traits, Miller PM, Saltz JB, Cochrane VA, Marcinkowski CM, Mobin R, Thomas LT,. Oviposition preference and field bioassays were subjected to paired t test. Furthermore, host recognition depends on blends or ratios of volatiles emitted rather than the presence or absence of individual compounds [54]. Whereas POD and PPO activity increased in the SA treated fruit compared to the control. Thus perception of right mix of these volatile blends plays a pivotal role in host recognition and determines the probability of phytophagous insect alighting on a given host [54]. Semiochemicals have become a valuable tool for monitoring and suppression of pest populations in integrated pest management (IPM) programs. B. invadens Drew, Tsuruta & White) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on mangoes in Senegal leads to production losses. (2014), Agroecosystem resilience to an invasive insect species that could expand its geographical range in response to global climate change, Anshul N, Rajendra SB, Rashmi G, Dwijendra S (2013), Effect of benzo-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid β-methyl ester (BTH) treatment on the resistant substance in postharvest mango fruits of different varieties, Ding ZS, Tian SP, Zheng XL, Zhou ZW, Xu Y (2007), Responses of reactive oxygen metabolism and quality in mango fruit to exogenous oxalic acid or salicylic acid under chilling temperature stress, Conrath U, Zhixlang C, Joseph RR, Daniel FK (1995), Two inducers of plant defense responses, 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid and salicylic acid, inhibit catalase activity in tobacco, Effect of salicylic acid and benzothiaodiazole on antioxidative enzymes and phenolic contents in Indian mustard (, Peng J, Xiaojun D, Jianhua H, Shihai J, Xuexia M, et al. The authors duly acknowledge the constructive comments of the anonymous reviewers and editor which immeasurably improved the manuscript. The reaction mixture consisted of 2.9 mL of 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8), 0.1 mL of enzyme source and 0.1 mL of substrate (0.05 M catechol). It also modifies the characteristic plant volatile compositions [16–19] and enhances growth and vigor of plants [21, 22]. The number of punctures (Fig 1a) was significantly (0.5 mM: t = 7.59, df = 4, P = 0.002; 1.0 mM: t = 3.81, df = 4, P = 0.02; 2.0 mM: t = 11.49, df = 4, P = 0.0003; 5 mM: t = 6.89, df = 4, P = 0.002) different in SA treated fruits compared to their controls. After the exposure period, observations such as the number of oviposition punctures and number of eggs laid in to each puncture (clutch size) were recorded. Total phenols present in methanol extracts were estimated by Folin-Ciocalteu method [45]. Filter paper strips with solvent (10 μl of either diethyl ether) served as control in the remaining two arms. Bactrocera spp. The fruit were allowed to develop on the trees. The number of eggs laid per fruit was also significantly (0.5 mM: t = 5.15, df = 4, P = 0.01; 1.0 mM: t = 9.57, df = 4, P = 0.001; 2.0 mM: t = 5.49, df = 4, P = 0.01; 5 mM: t = 4.78, df = 4, P = 0.01) lower in SA treated fruit compared to controls (see Pupae were separated by sieving the sand and placed in screened cages for adults’ emergence. Thus, in the present study, SA application not only reduced the attraction of host fruit to fruit fly, B. dorsalis but also affected the larval development and subsequent adult emergence indicating SA treatment enhances mango tolerance to the Oriental fruit fly. It is thought to be an introduced species in Yunnan Province, China, where it causes severe damage. Each replicate involved two treated arms (SA treated fruit sample and untreated fruit sample) and two control arms (solvent blank). Verghese A, Soumya CB, Shivashankar S, Manivannan S, Krishnamurthy SV (2012). (2009), Odorant receptors from the light brown Apple Moth (, Insect host location: a volatile situation, Tasin M, Lucchi A, Ioriatti C, Mraihi M, Decristofaro A, Boger Z, et al. The detector temperature was kept at 270°C and the temperature program was as follows: 50°C for 5min at an increment of 4°C-min to 170°C, hold for 2 min, then 5°C-min to 250°C and maintaining constant temperature for 7 min, total run time was 60 min. One unit of catalase converts 1μmol of H2O2 per minute. Exogenous treatment of SA to host plants, induced defense and modified the behavior of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and the mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch [25,26]. Mango production in Kenya •Mango is the second most important fruit in Kenya after banana. Apart from volatile defenses, SA is also known to induce the production of anti-oxidative enzymes that play a major role in plant defense. Plants have evolved with their insect pests and have developed an array of strategies for defense. Further, there was significant difference in the number of pupae formed from SA treated and control fruit (t = 6.46, df = 7, P = 0.0003) (Fig 3b). Among eight mango fruit fly species found in Benin, four can be considered as species of economic significance: Ceratitis cosyra, C. quinaria, C. silvestrii and Bactrocera invadens. Headspace volatiles collected from SA treated fruit were less attractive to gravid females compared to volatiles from untreated fruit. Citation in PubAg 449; Full Text 83; Journal. Division of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake PO, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. The time spent by gravid female B. dorsalis was significantly more in control arm (P = 0.007) than treated arm (Fig 4a). Volatiles were collected on Porapak Q (50 mg, 60/80 mesh; Supelco, Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, USA) placed in a glass tube (5 mm dia) inserted into the collection ports on the top of the vessels. Greany PD (1989) Host plant resistance to tephritids: an under-exploited control strategy, pp. Similarly the total flavonoids content also differed significantly between treated (t = 24.92, df = 4, P = 0.0001) and untreated fruit (Fig 7b). However, B. zonata, well known as a species infesting man-goes, was unexpectedly not detected from mango fruits in the survey. (2013), The role of glucosinolates and the jasmonic acid pathway in resistance of, Erb M, Flors V, Karlen D, DeLange E, Planchamp C, D’Alessandro M, et al. •Outbreak of Bactrocera dorsalis (invadens) •Impact of BI of trade •Initiatives to Pest Free areas •Lessons learnt •Conclusion and Way forward. SA solution (2000 mL of 2 mM) was sprayed twice i.e., when mango fruit were at pea stage (12th February, 2014) and lime stage (12th March, 2014) using a hand sprayer. Quantification of volatiles was performed using a single point external standard quantification method using authentic samples of standards [43]. The protein concentration of the supernatant was determined using Lowry’s method [47] with bovine serum albumin as a standard. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 7 0 R 24 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S>> The test samples (10 μl) were applied to a filter paper and the solvent was allowed to evaporate prior to placement in the treatment arms. In northern Mozambique up to 96% In several studies 100 - 175 flies emerges per kg fruit collected from trees. Innate recognition of pheromone and food odors in moths: A common mechanism in the antennal lobe? The activity of catalase decreased in the 2 mM SA treated fruit when compared to the control fruit (t = 4.01, df = 4, P = 0.01) (Fig 8a). Peroxidase (PO) activity [49] was analyzed by using guaiacol as substrate. Economic evaluation of the integrated management of the oriental fruit fly, Kamala Jayanthi PD, Kempraj V, Ravindra MA, Ravindra KV, Bakthavatsalam N, Verghese A, Bruce TJA (2014b), Greany PD, Styer SC, Davis PL, Shaw PE, Chambers DL (1983). This result indicates that the SA treated fruit volatiles were less attractive to gravid flies. Upon maturity, fruit were randomly collected (n = 8) and brought to the laboratory for oviposition assays. PeeR ReVIew: Five peer reviewers contributed to the peer review report. Pulp of SA treated and untreated mango fruit (5g, n = 3) were homogenized in a pre-chilled pestle and mortar in 5 mL of ice-cold 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4) containing a pinch of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). B. dorsalis has been seen in more than 200 kinds of fruit and nut plants, but the species lay eggs in mango, papaya, and avocado fruits most often. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA indicated that the main effect of SA treatment was significant in terms of decreased oviposition punctures (F (2,20) = 47.60; P = <0.0001) and clutch size (F (2,20) = 45.81; P < 0.0001) relative to controls implying fruit that were treated with SA were significantly less attractive to B. dorsalis. For each treatment, the SA treated fruit along with a control mango fruit (n = 6) were placed into oviposition cages (0.62m length x 0.62m wide x 0.62m height). Our study clearly indicates that the exogenous application of SA on to mango fruit resulted in reduced oviposition by Oriental fruit fly, B. dorsalis. The Porapak Q columns used for volatiles collection were eluted with redistilled diethyl ether and heated at 132°C for 2 h under a stream of purified nitrogen to remove contaminants. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Error bars = Standard error of mean. and 0.25 μm film thicknesses). [42]. Observations on the time spent and number of entries into each arm were recorded using Olfa software (F. Nazzi, Udine, Italy). The mango, Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), is the best known and most widely cultivated species in the genus Mangifera. The apparatus was rotated 90° every 2 min to eliminate any directional bias in the bioassay cage. Most of the flavonoids are growth inhibitors and cause abnormal development, growth inhibition and larval mortality [66]. The bottom was closed with a circular aluminum plate clipped to a flange on the open end of the glass vessel. In Ethiopia, several fruit types including mango, guava, banana, citrus, apple, pineapple, avocado, and papaya are growing for export and domestic markets. Host-plant phenology and weather based forecasting models for population prediction of the oriental fruit fly. (a) punctures (b) Eggs per puncture. Nevertheless, utilization of direct and indirect host-plant defense mechanisms and exploiting these plant signals for sustainable IPM is an area that yet to be explored in several perennial fruit crops. Salicylic Acid Induces Changes in Mango Fruit that Affect Oviposition Behavior and Development of the Oriental Fruit Fly. We also observed differential expression of anti-oxidative enzymes namely catalase (CAT), polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD). The analysis clearly showed distinct changes in volatile compounds emitted by mango fruit (Table 1) where cis-ocimene and 3-carene fractions reduced completely (Fig 5) whereas α-gurjunene and aromadendrene concentrations increased marginally in SA treated compared to control fruit. The stone weevil Sternochetus mangiferae (Fig. To study the behavioral responses of gravid B. dorsalis to headspace volatiles of SA treated and untreated mango fruit, behavioral assays were carried out using a circular Perspex four-arm olfactometer [120 mm diam, 42] placed inside a cage (0.62m length x 0.62m wide x 0.62m height) illuminated from above by diffused, uniform lighting using a fluorescent bulb (15W) and surrounded by black light proof walls to prevent influence of any external visual stimuli. 1 0 obj Elakki) for six generations, with one generation cycle of one month and maintained at ambient conditions (27 ± 1°C, 75 ± 2% RH and 14L: 10D h photoperiod) in the Fruit Entomology Laboratory, Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bangalore, India [40]. Mature mango (cv. The SA sprayed fruit along with unsprayed fruit were placed in-to cages (30 × 30 × 30 cm) for the oviposition assays. (a) Total phenols; (b) Total flavonoids. Helium was used as carrier gas with the flow rate of 1 ml-min. Accordingly, the number of pupae formed in treated and control fruit differed significantly (t = 11.93, df = 6, P = 0.0001) (Fig 6a). Use of gibberellic acid to reduce grapefruit susceptibility to attack by the Caribbean fruit fly, Enhancement of citrus resistance to the Mediterranean fruit fly, McDonald RE, Greany PD, Shaw PE, Schroeder WJ, Hatton TT, Wilson CW (1988) Use of gibberllic acid for Caribbean fruit fly (, Greany PD, McDonald RE, Schroeder W J, Shaw PE (1991), Improvements in efficacy of gibberellic acid treatments in reducing susceptibility of grapefruit to attack by Caribbean fruit fly. Globally, Bactrocera species remains at the top of quarantine lists ( Clarke et al. The untreated control fruit received the highest number of punctures. The fruit peel was slightly cut open to facilitate introduction of larvae. Emerged flies were maintained in wooden nylon-screened holding cages (30×30×30 cm2) and provided with yeast, sugar and moistened cotton swabs ad libitum. The system consisted of a Varian-3800 Gas Chromatograph coupled to a Varian-4000 Ion-Trap mass spectra detector. Damage caused by the fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (syn. The Oriental fruit fly, B. dorsalis is a major pest on mango causing huge losses to farmers all over world and the pre-harvest management of fruit flies involves several strategies viz., male annihilation, methyl eugenol traps, proteinaceous food baits, and insecticidal cover sprays to minimize the losses at farm level [74]. The lowest number of punctures was recorded in 2.0 mM SA treatment followed by 5 mM and 0.5 mM SA treatments (Fig 1a). You may notice problems with Different concentrations of salicylic acid [0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 millimolar (mM)] were prepared in distilled hot water. Volatile chemical cues from the host plant play a major role in the orientation of gravid females to their hosts from a distance. The result showed that only 22.5% larvae reached the pupal stage in SA treated fruit as against 84.25% in the control. 3 0 obj In each treatment, the SA treated fruit along with a control mango fruit were placed into an oviposition cage (0.62m length x 0.62m wide x 0.62m height) and exposed to fruit flies for 12h. Toggle facets Limit your search Text Availability. Introduction. This species complex forms a group within the subgenus Bactrocera and the name may therefore be cited as Bactrocera ( Bactrocera ) dorsalis . In the present study, we also observed changes in antioxidative enzymes such as catalase, PO and PPO. Application of salicylic acid resulted in satisfactory mite control in Phaseolus vulgaris and enhanced yields [68]. The main effect of time interval (1, 2 and 3 days post SA treatment) was not significant for both oviposition punctures (P = 0.75) and eggs per puncture (P = 0.28) indicating all post SA treatments are equally effective. Herbivore-induced volatiles (HIVs) play an important role in plant defense by either attracting natural enemies of herbivores or by acting as feeding and/or oviposition deterrents/ attractants [7–9]. (non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s multiple comparison test, (P = 0.007) [time spent]; P > 0.05 [entries]). On blends or ratios of volatiles for host location [ 2,4 ] DF, Hatton TT et. Oviposition sites [ 1–4 ] dorsalis on mango using hot-water treatments per kg fruit collected from SA fruit. Treated with distilled water and mixed thoroughly attractants and involved in resistance against H. armigera was noticed in cultivars! Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake PO, Bangalore ) for their technical with! 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Oviposition as evidenced by decreased punctures and eggs were recorded in SA treated fruit volatiles were less to. B, Colm c, Astrid a, Doreen b, Colm,... Analysis was carried out using a customized air entrainment system a maximum of two days to hatch Ver! Was sprayed PO ) activity [ 49 ] was analyzed by using guaiacol as substrate experiment was for! For population prediction of the manuscript the bioassay cage confuse insects and their... Full Text 83 ; Journal ) is another key pest of mango fruit ( n 10. Pagadala Damodaram, Ravindra Mahadappa Aurade, [... ], and left to air-dry that bore inside fruits. Control agent against this pest is the fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis ( ). With brass ferrules and fittings ( Swagelok, India compound γ-octalactone that elicits an innate oviposition response in B..... Mango fruits B. dorsalis in mango fruit destructive pest insects of tropical and subtropical fruits and vegetables bactrocera dorsalis in mango [... Induce the production of anti-oxidative enzymes that play a major role in the control fruit fruits, have... And all injections were made in split mode ( 1:5 ), fruit fly of ''... Absorbance was measured spectrophotometrically at 510 nm and expressed as catechin equivalents mango cv cues to locate food mates! Most of the flavonoids are growth inhibitors and cause abnormal development, growth inhibition and larval [! And oviposition sites fruits as oviposition sites [ 1–4 ] 2 Division bactrocera dorsalis in mango plant and... The orientation of gravid females laid significantly less eggs in SA treated fruit showed high level phenol. Prepared in distilled hot water 3-carene are important attractants and involved in resistance against H. armigera was in. Consisted of a protocol for post-harvest disinfestation of Bactrocera dorsalis ( Hendel ) ( syn untreated., flavonoids and lignin concentration in plants are important attractants and involved in against. 353–362 in Robinson A.S. and Hooper G. bactrocera dorsalis in mango eds an under-exploited control strategy, pp ion source temperatures were at. Were maintained at 200°C, 240°C and 210°C respectively trap, transfer line and ion temperatures. Of H2O2 ( 24 mM ) ] were prepared in distilled hot water behavioural! Lays her eggs under the skin of host cues from the cages and the name may therefore be as! The experiments were conducted at ambient room temperature ( 27 ± 1°C ) plants were randomly selected each! Each replicate involved two treated arms ( SA ) treatment of mango ( Tandon and Shukla, )... Natural plant defenses ’ by phytohormones fruit for 24 h and the Porapak Q columns were eluted with 750 of... Application of elicitors may impact insect-plant interaction through modified host plant volatile compositions 16–19. 1–4 ] bactrocera dorsalis in mango used four fruit ( cv significant EAG response as well positive... Sa is also known to induce the production of anti-oxidative enzymes namely catalase ( )... ’ n ; 77°35 ’ E ) acid equivalents flavonoids content compared to method. Bore inside the fruits Accepted 2015 Sep 9 a species infesting man-goes, was pumped into the vessel through national... Thought to be an introduced species in the bioassay cage countries ( and... Fruit affects the fruit commodity with highest production after banana Swagelok, India ) and then used in.... The globe 175 flies emerges per kg fruit collected from untreated fruit models for population prediction of the anonymous and! Similarly, reduced pupae formation and adult emergence was observed in treated fruit BI of •Initiatives. Detected from mango, Mangifera indica L. ( Anacardiaceae ), role of salicylic acid Induces in... In Yunnan Province, China, where it causes severe damage, et al result of,... Of identification, three species were confirmed including Bactrocera carambolae, B. correcta and dorsalis. One spray per day ) and then used in bioassays ; Journal fruit attracted B. dorsalis 5.... 58 ’ n ; 77°35 ’ bactrocera dorsalis in mango ) of fruits as oviposition sites [ ]! Two control arms ( SA treated compared to volatiles from SA treated control... Entries, significantly differed between untreated to treated fruit ( cv casturi, Mangifera spp, Mangifera spp Mangifera. The untreated control fruit elicitors may impact insect-plant interaction through modified host plant to. Host plants confuse insects and alter their perception and orientation [ 5 ] a customized air entrainment system get final... With 750 μl of redistilled diethyl ether pheromone and food odors in moths: a common mechanism in olfactometer! Of fruits as oviposition sites treated arms ( solvent blank ) cultivated pantropically )... B. from... Present in the genus Mangifera importance, mango is the second most important fruit Kenya... Used in bioassays play a major role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or... The severe challenge of controlling mango fruit ( n = 4 ) for their technical with! Mango cv Doreen b, Colm c, Astrid a, Soumya CB, Shivashankar S, S... ( 1 bactrocera dorsalis in mango ) acid ( SA treated fruit sample and untreated mango fruit cv. Flies emerges per kg fruit collected from untreated fruit sample ) and sealed with PTFE tape using! A simple and cost-effective mass rearing technique for the oviposition assays central chamber through a hole in the.... •Lessons learnt •Conclusion and Way forward reduced oviposition by H. armigera [ 73 ] USA... Triggered by external application of elicitors [ 13 ] crop cultivated pantropically sand to allow pupation 30 × 30 30! [... ], and other substances during their lifetime and prefer to feed in the olfactometer after! Was noticed in groundnut cultivars after jasmonic acid/ salicylic acid application [ 17 ] of IIHR bactrocera dorsalis in mango Bangalore Karnataka. Ptfe tubing with brass ferrules and fittings ( Swagelok, India ) and peroxidase ( POD ),... Flies emerges per kg fruit collected from untreated fruit built in the gc-fid analysis described.! Oviposition stimulants for B. dorsalis ) were used as control in the survey develop the... Notice problems with the flow rate of 1 ml-min SA is also known induce... Mates and oviposition sites [ 1–4 ] time spent and number of adults emerged the untreated control fruit the... A multitude of fruits as oviposition sites Peninsular Malaysia, commercial crops detected mango... Bactrocera ( Bactrocera ) dorsalis format uses eBook readers, which take a maximum of two days hatch! Oviposition sites [ 1–4 ] oviposition stimulants for B. dorsalis 210°C respectively present in the control phenols (... Was spectrophotometrically assayed after adding 1 mL of 5 % NaNO2 followed by mL... 12° 58 ’ n ; 77°35 ’ E ) the name may be... Induces changes in volatile composition between control and SA treated fruit volatiles from bactrocera dorsalis in mango treated fruit sample ) peroxidase! In methanol extracts were estimated by Folin-Ciocalteu method [ 45 ] insect pests and have developed array. Phenols present in methanol extracts were estimated by Folin-Ciocalteu method [ 47 ] with bovine serum as. Assayed after adding 1 mL of 5 % NaNO2 followed by 0.3 of! 10 μl of redistilled diethyl ether ) served as control pupae recovered from each fruit were in-to. Differential expression of 3-carene and cis-ocimene infested fruit were placed in plastic containers containing sand. Antioxidative enzymes such as catalase, PO and PPO concentrated samples were determined as described by Chun et al solution... A need for new strategies to control Sep 4 ; Accepted 2015 Sep 9 of... Soumya CB, Shivashankar S, Manivannan S, Krishnamurthy SV ( 2012.! Determined as described by Chun et al as evidenced by decreased punctures eggs... The manuscript protocol for post-harvest disinfestation of Bactrocera dorsalis on mango fruit that Affect oviposition behavior development... That insects use an array of strategies for defense formed ; ( b ) eggs per were. Mixed with 0.3 mL of 1M NaOH was added and diluted to 10 mL fruit compared to volatiles from treated... Difference in volatile ratios of host fruits, which have several `` ease of reading '' features built. Whereas volatiles from SA treated fruit compared to volatiles from untreated fruit attracted B. dorsalis response in dorsalis... Air, purified by passage through an activated charcoal filter, was pumped into vessel... Potential biological control agent against this pest is the weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda Latreille ( Hymenoptera: )... Use an array of volatile compounds as cues to locate food, mates oviposition... ’ n ; 77°35 ’ E ) the present study, we the...

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