how was japan prepared for the 2011 tsunami

When verifying the proposed reconstruction plan, numerical modelling is useful. The act is based on the following new principles: (i) properly combine structural and non-structural measures to minimize damage; (ii) with sufficient consideration to socioeconomic conditions, coastal protection facilities should be aimed at protecting people's lives, property, industrial and economic activities, and national land against a certain scale of relatively frequent tsunamis; (iii) tsunami disaster mitigation strategies should be based on multiple protection that combines structural and non-structural measures, with consideration of regional characteristics. All that remains of the lighthouse is the foundation and part of the concrete seawall. Read More. I think the tsunami has done most of the damage and at the moment there is no way to put out warning of the tsunami when they occur so close to the cost,” McCue said. In the 2011 event, hazard maps failed to offer accurate predictions in some areas and may have increased the number of fatalities, as people believed that they did not have to evacuate immediately, even though these maps indicated the uncertainty of estimations based on past events and state-of-the-art computer simulations. Before the 2011 event, the general belief of a safe place to survive a tsunami attack was robust RC buildings. Japan is one of the most well-prepared countries in the world to deal with the threat of a tsunami.Warning systems are in place, and concrete sea walls wrap around much of the coastline. The world’s only earthquake warning system likely helped limit damage and loss of life. The earthquake itself, although much bigger than usually seen in Japan, was prepared for extensively as they receive many earthquakes every year. (a) Setting of tsunami prevention facilities in Sendai city reconstruction plan [49]. The devastating tsunami followed by the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami left many lessons to be learned that have led the paradigm shift of Japan's tsunami disaster management. Hazard maps have two functional aspects. The 11 March 2011, magnitude 9.0 Honshu, Japan earthquake (38.322 N, 142.369 E, depth 32 km) generated a tsunami observed over the Pacific region and caused tremendous local devastation. Japan is always ready for earthquakes, because the ground there shakes almost every month, says Samuel Akopyan from the Center of Earthquake Forecasting. However, learning the lessons, we should note that there are still limitations on the reliability of technologies that can be used in such a limited amount of time. What is the requirement that should be put into place for safer school buildings that can withstand both strong ground shaking and a devastating tsunami? For the largest possible tsunami (Level 2), the city secures multiple facilities of coastal forest, artificial hill, raised road and evacuation sites to protect citizens' lives. There were many earthquake and tsunami-related solutions put into place in Japan both as precautions and direct consequences of the natural disasters. Then the question is ‘what are the great seawalls for?’. 3. NOAA Weather Radio … Only 62,000 sought shelter, says Kawata. Having experienced several tsunamis in recorded history, Japan is better-prepared for such events than perhaps any other country. (a) Setting of tsunami prevention facilities in Sendai city reconstruction plan [49]. On the other hand, a hazard map can function to assure residents living outside of the expected inundation zone that their area is NOT at risk. Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Japan’s 2011 Earthquake and Tsunami: Food and Agriculture Implications Renée Johnson Specialist in Agricultural Policy May 18, 2011 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41766 . One contribution of 14 to a theme issue ‘Tsunamis: bridging science, engineering and society’. Coastal infrastructure such as breakwaters and seawalls cannot always protect life and property. How should teachers be trained to provide appropriate guidance to save children's lives and their own? The network is designed to predict the height, speed, location and arrival time of any tsunami heading for the Japanese coast. Home > Seattle Mama Doc. Even when protected by great seawalls of 8–10 m, the government often prohibits the lower part of town to redevelop as a residential area, as the low land is reserved for commercial and industrial purposes. However, when implementing, this design paradigm has triggered conflict and debate. Scattering residential areas will isolate people and weaken community connections, and consequently, undermine the community's sustainability with shrinking population in rural areas. July 6, 2011 March 11, 2011 by News Desk. On 23 May 1960 (JST), a huge earthquake occurred off the Chilean coast. In general, a tsunami fragility curve is defined as structural damage probability or fatality rate with particular regard to the hydrodynamic features of tsunami inundation flow, such as flow depth obtained from field measurements, current velocity and hydrodynamic force estimated with tsunami numerical modelling [38]. This contribution revisits the lessons of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami disaster specifically focusing on the response, impact and paradigm shift of Japan's disaster management policies and discusses perspectives for enhancing national resilience. (b) Result of tsunami numerical modelling to evaluate the effect of the proposed reconstruction plan in Sendai city (maximum flow depth).Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerPoint, Figure 4. (b) The map of tsunami inundation extent in the 2011 event (www.gsi.go.jp). Aftershocks continued, many exceeding magnitude-7.0. conducted critical revision of the article for important intellectual content. The tsunami caused 1280 dead or missing even in this well-prepared community.Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerPoint. Only 62,000 sought shelter, says Kawata. The lesson learned was that coastal infrastructure such as breakwaters and seawalls cannot always protect life and property: even great seawalls can fail. Seawalls or coastal structures should be designed with the assumption of overtopping and resiliency, and communities should not rely on coastal infrastructures alone for protection. It shuts down transport systems and nuclear power stations to … The so-called ‘Miracle of Kamaish’ is very good practice by school children who took the initiatives for a community's evacuation in Unosumai, Kamaishi city, Iwate prefecture. Revisiting the modern histories of Tohoku tsunami disasters and pre-2011 tsunami countermeasures, we clarified how Japan's coastal communities have prepared for tsunamis. Figure 2. In fact, its tsunami forecasting technologies and numerical models were exported to many foreign countries that needed support, such as Indonesia, Thailand, Mexico and Peru. The southernmost area of Okushiri Island was completely devastated by the 11 m tsunami, even though the area was protected by 4.5 m seawalls. With the participation of researchers from throughout Japan, joint research groups conducted a tsunami survey along a 2000 km stretch of the Japanese coast. The 2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku (Japanese: 東北地方太平洋沖地震, Hepburn: Tōhoku-chihō Taiheiyō Oki Jishin) was a magnitude 9.0–9.1 (M w) undersea megathrust earthquake off the coast of Japan that occurred at 14:46 JST (05:46 UTC) on Friday 11 March 2011, with the epicenter approximately 70 kilometers (43 mi) east of the Oshika Peninsula of Tōhoku and the hypocenter at an … “There are earthquake and tsunami warning systems in place in Japan. Now I think after the 1923 earthquake the Japanese government put a lot of money and a lot of people into studying earthquakes. The tsunami source scenarios considered in preparing hazard maps are determined by the results of long-term evaluation of seismic activities. Consequently, teachers decided to head for the bridge, walking along the river. Hawaii Has 2 Hours To Prepare for Japan Earthquake Tsunami. That makes it the fifth largest recorded worldwide since 1900, according to the U.S. Geolo… (The Okawa elementary school building withstood the devastating tsunami inundation flow, but was totally submerged.) Seawalls should be designed with the assumption of overtopping and destruction, and communities should not rely on coastal infrastructures alone for protection. Thirty-year monitoring and measurement of seismic activity around Japan have revealed the seismotectonic structure [10]. Integrating structural damage information [36] with field survey data, such as flow depths, produces a new measure of structural vulnerability to tsunamis, as a form of tsunami fragility curve or tsunami fragility function [37]. The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant cooling … Japan should use what it already knows and learn from its experiences in order to prepare more effectively in case of a future natural disaster. Japan is one of the best tsunami-prepared countries in the world, which is one of the reasons the world is still reeling from the 2011 event. Japan earthquake: country better prepared than anyone for quakes and tsunamis No country on Earth is better prepared than Japan to deal with earthquakes – or the tsunamis that result from them We revisited the lessons of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake Tsunami disaster specifically on the response and impact, and discussed the paradigm shift of Japan's tsunami disaster management policies and the perspectives for reconstruction. (b) The map of tsunami inundation extent in the 2011 event (www.gsi.go.jp). Thus, the residents were suddenly attacked by the tsunami. 97 0 obj <> endobj The responses to the 2011 event are discussed specifically on the tsunami warning system and efforts to identify the tsunami impacts. These features implied that the 2011 earthquake was probably a combination of the 1896 Sanriku ‘tsunami earthquake’ and a Jogan-type deeper interplate earthquake [14]. 5. An unexpectedly large tsunami 14 m high attacked the Fukushima Dai-ichi facilities and caused the loss of the emergency diesel generators that had been working in the situation of no off-site power available [1]. h�bbd``b`��@�q/�`-�����_@b�A�7!$8> �6 �H�?RW�@����? Figure 3 shows an example of a tsunami fragility curve obtained in the 2011 Tohoku event. Third, the post-disaster paradigm shifts in reconstruction are discussed through a case study in Sendai city, Miyagi prefecture. endstream endobj 98 0 obj <> endobj 99 0 obj <> endobj 100 0 obj <>stream S.K. High rise RC buildings with robust columns and walls can withstand tsunami flow depths over 2 m and can be used for vertical evacuation. The seawall was designed for Level 1 tsunami (the height equivalent to the historical tsunami heights in the past 150 years and storm surge heights in the past 50 years). This is the fourth largest earthquake in the world and the largest in Japan … That Japan was not adequately prepared for the tsunami that hit the northeastern Honshu coast on March 11, 2011, first became apparent at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. Japan is one of the best tsunami-prepared countries in the world, which is one of the reasons the world is still reeling from the 2011 event. The maximum run-up height was 29 m at Ryori Shirahama. 129 0 obj <>stream At least 50 min elapsed after the earthquake before the tsunami attacked the school. n0 Lastly, public education is the most important part of tsunami disaster management. 4. The earthquake was a typical ‘tsunami earthquake’ that had negligibly weak ground shaking, and, therefore, no residents tried to evacuate. [Click here to read an independent report] 1. Japan faces up to failure of its earthquake preparations. In this sense, the government policy of designing coastal protection is for the 150 year tsunami level, the so-called ‘Level 1’ or ‘Prevention Level’, ensuring that coastal protection will prevent tsunamis from penetrating inland to protect lives and properties (or economic activities). Breitengrad zu desaströsen Zerstörungen von … (Online version in colour.). A part of this video was uploaded to the website of the Japanese newspaper company Yomiuri Shimbun [31]. A new paradigm of coastal structural design has caused significant arguments in some Sanriku coastal communities. 113 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<96A81971238E1037A245EF4704FB4BE4>]/Index[97 33]/Info 96 0 R/Length 85/Prev 341940/Root 98 0 R/Size 130/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream The Kamaishi tsunami breakwater is in the Guinness Book of World Records as the deepest tsunami breakwater at nearly 63 m deep, and was designed to protect the densely populated area in Kamaishi city located at the bottom of the bay. %%EOF The response of Kamaishi East Junior High School students was based on the three principles of evacuation taught by Prof. Toshitaka Katada of Gumma University [42]. Japan has invested heavily in coastal protection and buildings that can withstand tremors. But even this barrier could not protect citizens from the 2011 tsunami, although it earned them a 6 min delay before the tsunami penetrated Kamaishi city, and 40% tsunami height reduction (13.7–8.1 m) in the harbour [7]. In the Shinkansen system's four-plus decades of whisking millions of people across Japan … 2. The historical tsunami data were provided by Japan Tsunami Trace Database [24] maintained by Tohoku University and the Japan Nuclear Energy Safety Organization (JNES). We are grateful to Professor Costas Synolakis for valuable comments. Some of this coverage is hype and speculation, but how can Japan prepare for when a large disaster actually does affect Japan, such as the devastating earthquake and tsunami on March 11 th, 2011? Figure 3. It was originally reported at a magnitude of 7.9, but later was upgraded to 8.9 and then to a 9.0. Northeast of Tohoku, the maximum run-up height in this event was similar to the events of both 1896 and 1933, especially of the 1896 Meiji Sanriku tsunami. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. If you dug a hole in the middle of the Sendai Plain – the place made famous by the helicopter footage of the rampaging tsunami (see above) – you would find a layer cake of soil and sand. Tsunami warning information can inform people that they are in danger, but it cannot guarantee people's safety. Applying a video analysis technique, the tsunami flow velocity can be determined to understand the characteristics of tsunami inland penetration and impact on structures [25–30]. Even worse, in several communities, the radio or speaker system did not work because of the blackout caused by the earthquake. An earthquake that struck Japan in March 2011 unleashed a massive tsunami. In those guidelines, three basic concepts of tsunami countermeasures were recommended: (i) building seawalls, breakwaters and flood gates to protect lives and properties; (ii) urban planning to create a tsunami-resilient community through effective land-use management and arrangement of redundant facilities to increase the safe area, such as vertical evacuation buildings; (iii) disaster information dissemination, evacuation planning and public education. N.S. ���J�*Q"��kю��@Gq�,���������Y'������zsZ��+� ����g�9�qV���o��f$}~�„܈X�f�v̘�H"t���5oo�>��O��uAE���{N����^��i ��S-���hQ��X8B�� ܷ�����4����mz��=?�P��>��x�qg���P�ὀV��]�_�2�֦ ܃e˱�|�J�����5�e����` (�� Theme issue ‘Tsunamis: bridging science, engineering and society’ compiled and edited by Utku Kanoglu, Vasily Titov, Eddie Bernard and Costas Synolakis, Response to the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami disaster, Geological and historical evidence of irregular recurrent earthquakes in Japan, A short history of tsunami research and countermeasures in Japan, Extreme inundation flows during the Hokkaido-Nansei-Oki tsunami, Validation and verification of Tsunami numerical models, Insights from the 2011 great Japan earthquake, Source process of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake with the combination of teleseismic and strong motion data, Traces of tsunami preserved in inter-tidal lacustrine and marsh deposits—some examples from northeast Japan, Advances in earthquake and tsunami sciences and disaster risk reduction since the 2004 Indian ocean tsunami, Tsunami-tendenko and morality in disasters, The new tsunami warning system of the Japan Meteorological Agency, perspectives on Tsunami hazard reduction, Earthquake early warning starts nationwide in Japan, Outline of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake (Mw 9.0)—tsunami warnings/advisories and observations, Nationwide post event survey and analysis of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami, 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami flow velocity measurements from survivor videos, The 2011 Japan tsunami current velocity measurements from survivor videos at Kesennuma Bay using LiDAR, Analysis of Tsunami flow velocities during the March 2011 Tohoku, Japan, The 2011 Tohoku Tsunami flow velocity estimation by the aerial video analysis and numerical modeling, The impact of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami disaster and implications to the reconstruction, Lessons Learned from the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami: performance of Tsunami countermeasures, coastal buildings, and Tsunami evacuation in Japan, Overview of the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami damage and its relation to coastal protection along the Sanriku coast, Were coastal defensive structures completely broken by an unexpectedly large Tsunami? Among the Japanese Pacific coasts from Hokkaido down to Okinawa, the Sanriku Coast suffered the most serious damage. Using the video taken by a resident from the top of the reinforced concrete (RC) building in Onagawa harbour, the flow velocity of the tsunami inundation in Onagawa town when the houses in the town started being washed away was estimated as 6.3 m s−1 for the ascending tsunami and 7.5 m s−1 for the return flow at a flow depth of approximately 5 m. This observation implies, as the flow conditions of the subcritical flow of the ascending tsunami and the super-critical flow of the return flow, that the return flow in the first tsunami attack was slightly stronger than the leading tsunami. Tsunami inland penetration with strong inundation flow causes damage to infrastructures, forests, buildings and humans. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Learning lessons, we should note that there are still limitations on the reliability of technologies that can be used in a very short time. The tsunami generated by the earthquake attacked the Japanese coast the next morning. A watchissued along with a tsunami warningpredicts additional tsunami arrival times for a geographic area defined by the distance the tsunami could travel in more than a few hours.   It was the fifth most powerful earthquake ever recorded, and within 30 minutes, a 133-foot high tsunami pummeled Japan's northeastern shoreline. Figure 4. Figure 1. The event began with a powerful earthquake off the coast of Honshu, Japan’s main island, which initiated a series of large tsunami … In April 2011, one month after the event occurred, the central government established the Reconstruction Policy Council to develop a national recovery and reconstruction outlook for tsunami-resilient communities [43,44]. Japan’s 2011 Earthquake and Tsunami: Food and Agriculture Implications Congressional Research Service Summary The March 11, 2011, earthquake … H�l�I��6��>�/���i�E�#. Coastal residents did not feel any ground shaking and the Japan Metrological Agency did not issue a tsunami warning. Figure 1 contrasts one hazard map for Kesennuma city, in Miyagi prefecture, with the actual extent of inundation in the 2011 tsunami. Even in Onagawa town, 28 people were saved inside the boiler room of a five-storey RC building which was totally submerged by the tsunami inundation flow. Japan's historic earthquake and tsunami serve as a great reminder to prepare our families for catastrophic events. The great plates are rough and stick together, building up energy that is released as earthquakes. Based on this new reconstruction plan in the tsunami-affected area, Sendai city has formulated its tsunami evacuation plan [50] to protect lives. Published by the Royal Society. In this sense, the 11 March 2011 event was the largest known tsunami event in Japan. Seawalls should be designed with the assumption of overtopping and destruction, and communities should not rely on coastal infrastructures alone for protection. Die höchste maximale Auflaufhöhe erreichte der Tōhoku-Tsunami 2011 mit 40,1 m in der Ryōri-Bucht/Ōfunato und war damit der höchste je in Japan gemessene Tsunami. For that reason, Japan had already introduced a number of defences prior to 2011. The nation-wide post-tsunami survey results shed light on the mechanisms of structural destruction, tsunami loads and structural vulnerability to inform structural rehabilitation measures and land-use planning. This fact called for serious reflection on the conventional method that was used after 1960 which relied mainly on coastal structures. On 6 October 2011, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science & Technology published a report of student fatalities and injuries: in total, 635 children, students and teachers were killed by the tsunami, and 221 were injured. News. Opinion. Consequently, the devastated trees headed inland producing large amounts of waste, and may have caused more destruction. In … 3. Concrete seawalls and coastal dykes were covered with concrete at the front, top and back. Nevertheless, ports were pounded by the tsunami and the airport in Sendai was inundated. Revisiting the modern histories of Tohoku tsunami disasters and pre-2011 tsunami countermeasures, we clarified how Japan's coastal communities have prepared for tsunamis. Nevertheless, the tsunami disaster countermeasures were insufficient against the 2011 event. The geological and historical evidence of irregularly recurring earthquakes in Japan is discussed elsewhere in this issue [2], while the Fukushima accident is discussed in [3]. Japan believed that JMA's tsunami warning system was using the most advanced technology in the world. The inundation model results are validated through the comparison with field data in terms of local inundation depths, inundation heights [22,23]. Japan earthquake, tsunami and Fukushima nuclear disaster: 2011 review. Opinion. It lasted 6 minutes. A hazard map shows the flooded area by past tsunamis and by the most likely tsunami in the near future. Figure 5. This finding can inform land-use planning, so that residential areas will not be inundated more than 2 m. Also, we found high-rise RC buildings with robust columns and walls withstood tsunami flow depths over 2 m and can be used for vertical evacuation. The powerful earthquake that unleashed a devastating tsunami Friday appears to have moved the main island of Japan by 8 feet (2.4 meters) and shifted the Earth on its axis. Here I review how I prepared our family for disaster and how you can do the same . The earthquake and subsequent tsunami that struck northeastern Japan on March 11 was perhaps the most widely recorded natural disaster in human history. The seawall's height was determined by considering historical tsunami heights in the past 150 years and storm surge heights in the past 50 years (Level 1). Figure 2 illustrates the measured tsunami inundation and run-up heights by the survey team, with plots of historical tsunami heights of the 1611 Keicho Sanriku, 1896 Meiji Sanriku, and 1933 Showa Sanriku earthquake tsunamis [24]. Many of the tsunami walls protecting coastline villages were around 7 metres high, no where near big enough to stop the 10 metre high wall of water (the height of a three storey building) that hit the … Tsunami height measurements are most dense from previous post-tsunami survey teams and are now widely used for understanding features the local tsunami amplification and for benchmarks of tsunami modelling. The tsunami was predicted to hit Tuvalu at 1.30am. The 2004 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake tsunami (Mw 9.0–9.3) killed 220 000 people, while the 2011 event (Mw 9.0) caused over 18 000 fatalities. The most important lesson is that one should not wait for official information to act: strong ground shaking is the first alert to take action. Figure 5a indicates the plan view for the multiple protection of Sendai city with a 7.2 m seawall and river dyke and 6 m elevated prefectural road. )Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerPointFigure 5. was hit by an approximately 30 m tsunami. The solid lines are obtained from the devastated municipalities of Miyagi prefecture (from the 2011 event) and the dashed one is from Banda Aceh, Indonesia (the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami) [37]. As a national guideline of preparing flood hazard maps, the Cabinet Office published ‘Tsunami and Storm Surge Hazard Map Manual’ in 2004 [15]. After the strong ground shaking had stopped and the tsunami warning had been issued, the teachers and pupils gathered on school grounds to discuss where to evacuate to. Some areas are more protected than others, mostly in the northern coastal areas of the country. At the same time, rapid economic growth resulted from the ‘Income-Doubling Plan’ that started in 1960, an age of rapid growth, could cover the expensive construction costs. 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